African Trypanosomiasis Sleeping Sickness Biology Essay

African Trypanosomiasis Sleeping Sickness Biology Essay African trypanosomiasis also known as â€Å"sleeping sickness† is a wide spread parasitic disease (disease caused by organism that lives in or on another from which it obtains nourishment) that can be fatal if not treated. It is estimated by the World Health Organisation (WHO) that it has 450 000 cases each year, however in the past there have epidemics (a rapid spread or increase) such as between 1896 and 1906 where it is believed that 300 000 to 500 000 died from the disease. [1] African trypanosomiasis is common in the sub-Saharan region near rivers, lakes, in gallery forests and in Savannahs where the large brown tsetse flies are present. It occurs in these remote rural areas because the health systems are weak and because most of these areas depend on agriculture, fishing, animal husbandry or hunting so they are exposed to the tsetse flies. [2]The disease has been present in Africa for a minimum of 14 centuries with millions of people being affected by it. As you can see below (in figure 1) the distribution of trypanosomiasis in Africa comprises currently an area of 8 million km2 between 14 degrees North and 20 degrees South latitude. tryp_map.gif [Fig. 1] Distribution of human African trypanosomiasis. http://www.who.int/tdrold/dw/images/legend5.gifEpidemic http://www.who.int/tdrold/dw/images/legend6.gifHigh endemicity http://www.who.int/tdrold/dw/images/legend4.gifLow endemicity http://www.who.int/tdrold/dw/images/legend7.gifAt risk http://www.who.int/tdrold/dw/images/legend3.gifAbsence of the disease   As well as African trypanosomiasis also occurs in South America it is called the American trypanosomiasis or the Chagas disease however the organism causing that disease is different to the Tsetse flies. African trypanosomiasis is however more common than the South American version and it is estimated that around 50,000 to 70,000 people are currently infected with it and around 48,000 people died from it in 2008. [3] If, like most diseases, Afric an Trypanosomiasis is diagnosed early there is a high chance of survival. There are no effective vaccines, and the drugs used to treat this disease are often toxic and usually have many side effects. Untreated cases have a 100 percent  mortality rate. [4] The extent of African Trypanosomiasis is shown more clearly when compared to other diseases and during epidemic periods prevalence reached 50% in several villages in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola and Southern Sudan. Sleeping sickness was the first or second greatest cause of mortality in those communities, ahead of even HIV/AIDS. [5] There are two types of African trypanosomiasis which are common in humans. The first of the two sub species is trypanosomiasis brucei gambiense which causes a slow chronic trypanosomiasis in humans. This mostly occurs in central and western Africa, where humans are thought to be the primary target. The second is T. brucei rhodesiense and this causes a rapid onset of trypanosomiasis in huma ns and this is most common in southern and eastern Africa, where animals are the primary target. Tsetse flies are large flies which can be easily misinterpreted for a housefly but can be distinguished by various characteristics. These flies cause human sleeping sickness and animal trypanosomiasis (or nagana) as well as other diseases and its estimated it kills around 250,000 to 300,000 people a year. Tsetse flies are multivoltine (they have more than 2 generations per year) and there are 23 species of this fly existent today. Tsetse flies include all the species in the genus Glossina, which are generally placed in their own family, the Glossinidae. [6]

Building a Coalition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 56

Building a Coalition - Essay Example With regards to team formation, the HR representatives of Woodson Foundation together with the members of NCPIE and school should be able to closely examine the skills and abilities of each member before they allocate a specific role to them (Robbins and Judge 280). Basically, empowering the team members through proper delegation of role and responsibility will increase the chances wherein the team members would become motivated in working together (281). Because of cultural differences, the leaders should win the trust of each member using necessary resources and effective leadership skills (280-281). Doing so will increase the chance wherein each member would become dedicated to supporting the success of the project. With regards to team performance, leaders should make use of necessary performance evaluation tools and effective reward system (Robbins and Judge 282). In the process of recognizing or rewarding the contribution of each member, they would become highly motivated in improving their future individual work performance. Likewise, it will also help them gain Agree that schools are less focused on families. She believes that parents want to be involved in improving students’ learning. Her positive perception of the role of parents/communities can be used in encouraging parents to become active in this project. She believes that schools and the foundation have larger roles than parents and the communities. Therefore, can lead to bias judgment when designating roles and responsibilities in improving students’ outcome. Team empowerment is important in team efficacy (Robbins and Judge 292). Therefore, Dupree can work together with Hardy, Watson, and Sharpe because these people acknowledge the important role that parents should play when it comes to improving the students’ learning outcomes. Using strong communication skills, Dupree’s team can easily convince and work well with Martinez. Conflict is possible because Adams has a different opinion when it comes to the role of the school. On the other hand, Kaufman cannot get along well with the faculty members.

Examine the changing priorities of the United States in the Middle Essay

Examine the changing priorities of the United States in the Middle East - Essay Example Under hidden are the crude facts that are associated with the sole interests and benefits of United States of America. The region of Middle East holds its significance toward Americans because of its important different myths that are discussed below; The Population of Middle East is synonymous to that of Arab world, but to a limited extent as not all the countries are Arab, there are non Arabs as well in the Middle East. There are about 80% of the population that is Muslim, thus the Middle East basically comprise of the Muslim world countries. The Arab nations of Middle East are mostly rich in mineral oil. The countries like Saudi Arabia, Iraq, United Arab Emirates, Iran and Libya all are major oil producing countries. The role for war of terrorism by the Middle East; This has been in fact the greatest struggle that has been faced the members of these Middle East countries. It is not actually the war that has been imposed for these countries but in fact it is actually a problem of w rong perception-it is in fact the war against Islam rather than terrorism. There are many ways to misinterpret, mis-characterize or flatly misrepresent the various issues across the boundaries of the Middle East. The importance of Middle East towards America is not anything new to relate with the foreign policy of America. ... The various nations’s related concerns of United States along with their levels of impacts have been discussed over here which will ultimately help us to conclude some information about the changing priorities of United States towards Middle East along with their national and international reasons. US and Egypt: The current crises that have flown through the Egyptian states have been of vast importance to the United States due to its wide levels of oil related concerns with the country. The disruption of the supplies of oil due to the raised protests ultimately resulted in the raising of the prices of the oil in the world market. This also resulted in the increased threats to the US citizen survival in Egypt as well as the journalists of US. This has really created a dilemma for the US nation to be highly volatile about changing its policies and concerns. Military advantages: The termination of the Husni Mubarak Era has also turned over the benefits of US from the long standin g middle-East Ally. The US had been reaping over these benefits from the last two decades, and it military forces were being fed for the annual income of $1 billion for the access to Seuz Canal. Now the situation has changed and among the various dimensions that are being predicted one is that now the Americans would have to pull their hands from the great amount that was already coming their way against Military friendship or support. It is seemingly that the Muslim Brotherhood group is going to occupy an important position in the country soon and therefore America is wondering to know that after this whether the Africans Ally will cut those hands which have fed their army for so many years. It is also unpredictable to guess any idea about the impacts for Israel as